Climate adaptive design and reliability analysis of drinking water distribution networks for sustainable urban water management: a case study of haroa

Abstract

Designing an adaptive water distribution network capable of supplying water on-demand in response to seasonal and climatic variations is critical for ensuring efficient water management. A low carbon footprint pipe network is superior as it ensures minimal carbon emission. This thesis presents the methodology and considerations for developing such a network, focusing on the case study of Haroa. The design process involves analyzing historical data to discern patterns in water demand influenced by seasonal factors like temperature, precipitation, and population fluctuations. Using hydraulic modeling software WaterGEMS, an attempt has been made to simulate the network's performance under varying scenarios to optimize its configuration. Key components such as storage reservoirs, pumps, and valves are strategically positioned to manage fluctuations in demand and maintain consistent water pressure and flow rates. Furthermore, advanced control and monitoring systems enable real-time adjustments based on current demand patterns and weather forecasts, enhancing the network's responsiveness and resilience. This study compares the performance of a WaterGEMS-designed water distribution network (WDN) using pipes made of different materials: HDPE, DI, and PVC. Parameters such as head loss, residual pressure, and carbon emissions were evaluated. The results show that HDPE pipes exhibit minimum head loss (3.974 m/km) and residual pressure (15.13 m H₂O) characteristics, while PVC pipes have lower carbon emission values (451.9 kg/kWh) despite higher head loss (4.264 m/km) and similar residual pressure (15.26 m H2O). This optimization study suggests that HDPE pipes, despite their higher carbon emissions compared to PVC pipes, are superior considering overall performance parameters. Additionally, criticality analysis reveals certain valve segments with a 100% demand shortfall, indicating areas of non-reliability. The major findings highlight the advantages of HDPE pipes in terms of hydraulic performance and resilience, though improvements are needed to address carbon emissions. The study recommends incorporating advanced materials and technologies to balance performance and environmental impact, ensuring sustainable urban water management under varying climatic conditions.